Agile software development - Wikipedia. Agile software development describes a set of values and principles for software development under which requirements and solutions evolve through the collaborative effort of self- organizing cross- functional teams.[1] It advocates adaptive planning, evolutionary development, early delivery, and continuous improvement, and it encourages rapid and flexible response to change.[2] These principles support the definition and continuing evolution of many software development methods.[3]The term agile (sometimes written Agile)[4] was popularized by the Agile Manifesto,[5] which defines those values and principles. Agile software development frameworks continue to evolve,[3] two of the most widely used being Scrum and Kanban.[6]History[edit]Iterative and incremental software development methods can be traced back to 1. Evolutionary project management[8][9] and adaptive software development[1. During the 1. 99. These included: from 1. DSDM); from 1. 99. The President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology has called for a 33% increase in the number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM. This work is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense. The Software Engineering Institute is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the U.S. A clear and unambiguous definition of the design concept would be useful for developing a cumulative tradition for research on design. In this article we suggest a. You're free to use the Common Draft materials (which are copyrighted) in accordance with the following license; all of the following permissions are given on the. Scrum; from 1. 99. Crystal Clear and extreme programming (XP); and from 1. Although these originated before the publication of the Manifesto for Agile Software Development, they are collectively referred to as agile software development methods.[3] At the same time, similar changes were underway in manufacturing[1. In 2. 00. 1, seventeen software developers met at the Snowbird resort in Utah to discuss these lightweight development methods, among others Jeff Sutherland, Ken Schwaber, and Alistair Cockburn. ![]() ![]() Together they published the Manifesto for Agile Software Development.[5]In 2. Alistair Cockburn and Jim Highsmith wrote an addendum of project management principles, the Declaration of Interdependence,[1. In 2. 00. 9, a movement by Robert C Martin wrote an extension of software development principles, the Software Craftsmanship Manifesto, to guide agile software development according to professional conduct and mastery. In 2. 01. 1 the Agile Alliance created the Guide to Agile Practices (renamed the Agile Glossary in 2. The Manifesto for Agile Software Development[edit]Based on their combined experience of developing software and helping others do that, the seventeen signatories to the manifesto proclaimed that they value: [5]Individuals and Interactions more than processes and tools. Working Software more than comprehensive documentation. Customer Collaboration more than contract negotiation. Responding to Change more than following a plan. While the secondary concerns were important, the primary concerns were more critical to success. Agile software development values[edit]By these terms, they meant: [1. Individuals and interactions[edit]Self- organization and motivation are important, as are interactions like co- location and pair programming. It is better to have a good team of developers who communicate and collaborate well, rather than a team of experts each operating in isolation. Communication is a fundamental concept. Working software[edit]Working software is more useful and welcome than just presenting documents to clients in meetings. It is better to comment inline with the code and to keep external documentation light, rather than heavy documents that take a lot of effort and quickly become outdated. Customer collaboration[edit]Requirements cannot be fully collected at the beginning of the software development cycle, so it is better to directly involve the paying customer and their end- users, or a proxy for them so that detailed requirements can be progressively elaborated and adapted based on feedback. Responding to change[edit]Agile software development methods are focused on quick responses to change and continuous development. Some of the authors formed the Agile Alliance, a non- profit organization that promotes software development according to the manifesto's values and principles. Introducing the manifesto on behalf of the Agile Alliance, Jim Highsmith said,The Agile movement is not anti- methodology, in fact many of us want to restore credibility to the word methodology. We want to restore a balance. We embrace modeling, but not in order to file some diagram in a dusty corporate repository. We embrace documentation, but not hundreds of pages of never- maintained and rarely- used tomes. We plan, but recognize the limits of planning in a turbulent environment. Those who would brand proponents of XP or SCRUM or any of the other Agile Methodologies as "hackers" are ignorant of both the methodologies and the original definition of the term hacker.— Jim Highsmith, History: The Agile Manifesto[1. Agile software development principles[edit]The Manifesto for Agile Software Development is based on twelve principles: [1. Customer satisfaction by early and continuous delivery of valuable software. Welcome changing requirements, even in late development. Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months)Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers. Projects are built around motivated individuals, who should be trusted. Face- to- face conversation is the best form of communication (co- location)Working software is the primary measure of progress. Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant pace. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design. Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done—is essential. Best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self- organizing teams. Regularly, the team reflects on how to become more effective, and adjusts accordingly. Overview[edit]Pair programming, an agile development technique used by XP. Note information radiators in the background. Iterative, incremental and evolutionary[edit]Most agile development methods break product development work into small increments that minimize the amount of up- front planning and design. Iterations, or sprints, are short time frames (timeboxes) that typically last from one to four weeks. Each sprint involves a cross- functional team working in all functions: planning, analysis, design, coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing. At the end of the sprint a working product is demonstrated to stakeholders. This minimizes overall risk and allows the product to adapt to changes quickly.[2. An iteration might not add enough functionality to warrant a market release, but the goal is to have an available release (with minimal bugs) at the end of each sprint.[2. Multiple iterations might be required to release a product or new features. Working software is the primary measure of progress. Efficient and face- to- face communication[edit]No matter which development method is followed, every team should include a customer representative (Product Owner in Scrum). This person is agreed by stakeholders to act on their behalf and makes a personal commitment to being available for developers to answer questions throughout the iteration. At the end of each iteration, stakeholders and the customer representative review progress and re- evaluate priorities with a view to optimizing the return on investment (ROI) and ensuring alignment with customer needs and company goals. In agile software development, an information radiator is a (normally large) physical display located prominently near the development team, where passers- by can see it. It presents an up- to- date summary of the product development status.[2. A build light indicator may also be used to inform a team about the current status of their product development. Very short feedback loop and adaptation cycle[edit]A common characteristic in agile software development is the daily stand- up (also known as the daily scrum). In a brief session, team members report to each other what they did the previous day toward their team's iteration goal, what they intend to do today toward the goal, and any roadblocks or impediments they can see to the goal.[2. Quality focus[edit]Specific tools and techniques, such as continuous integration, automated unit testing, pair programming, test- driven development, design patterns, domain- driven design, code refactoring and other techniques are often used to improve quality and enhance product development agility.[2. Philosophy[edit]Compared to traditional software engineering, agile software development mainly targets complex systems and product development with dynamic, non- deterministic and non- linear characteristics. Accurate estimates, stable plans, and predictions are often hard to get in early stages, and confidence in them is likely to be low.
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